ethics

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1 - The Borderline between Gnosis and its Homogeneous Sciences
Ali Shirvani

Gnosis is a familiar term which is frequently used in oral and written culture and has a wide range of meanings. This has resulted in some ambiguity in its various applications, particularly, in its recent usage including “pseudo-gnosis” and “newly developed schools of More

Gnosis is a familiar term which is frequently used in oral and written culture and has a wide range of meanings. This has resulted in some ambiguity in its various applications, particularly, in its recent usage including “pseudo-gnosis” and “newly developed schools of gnosis”, as well as in discussions such as “the relationship between religion and gnosis”, “the relationship between the intellect and gnosis”, and “the relationship between philosophy and gnosis”. This paper is intended to determine the approximate borderline between gnosis (the science of theoretical gnosis) and philosophy as well as the difference between gnosis (the science of practical gnosis) and ethics through clarifying the meaning and concept of gnosis, distinguishing between practical and theoretical types of wisdom, and explaining the differences between them and the sciences of practical and theoretical types of gnosis. Manuscript profile
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2 - A Philosophical Approach to the Effects of Ethics and Law on Observing Public Order
Abdolrazzaq Hesamifar

Observing public order is necessary for the realization of an organized and desirable society. However, how could we achieve this goal? Is it the responsibility of the mass media and cultural centers to encourage people to observe public order through moral instruction, More

Observing public order is necessary for the realization of an organized and desirable society. However, how could we achieve this goal? Is it the responsibility of the mass media and cultural centers to encourage people to observe public order through moral instruction, or should they be forced to do so by enforcing some preventive laws? Or, should we benefit from both of these strategies? Another question here is whether observing public order in a society is valuable in itself and the individual’s motive for so doing, either because of a sense of obligation or fear of punishment, is worthwhile, or whether the value of observing public order is rooted in a sense of obligation and moral dutifulness. Still, a related question here is, if a person observes public order out of fear of punishment, can we consider his act satisfactory? In this paper, after analyzing the mentioned questions, with reference to the ideas of some prominent philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Kant, the writer has tried to demonstrate that the value of complying with public order from the view point of individual ethics lies in the sense of moral obligations. He also argues that, from the view point of social ethics, this act, prompted by whatever motive, is considered to be a virtue, of course at varying levels of strength and weakness, because it is beneficial to all individuals in society. Manuscript profile
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3 - A Comparative Study of Muṭahharī’s Theory of Fiṭrah and Kant’s Practical Reason
Omid Arjomand Ghasem Kakaie
20.1001.1.15600874.1401.28.2.2.7

Murtaḍā Muṭahharī, one of the prominent thinkers in the field of Islamic Philosophy, and Immanuel Kant, one of the great thinkers of Western philosophy, have presented some innovative theories in the realm of philosophy. The “theory of fiṭrah” is one of the most signifi More

Murtaḍā Muṭahharī, one of the prominent thinkers in the field of Islamic Philosophy, and Immanuel Kant, one of the great thinkers of Western philosophy, have presented some innovative theories in the realm of philosophy. The “theory of fiṭrah” is one of the most significant theories in Muṭahharī’s philosophical system. He maintains that Man possesses three levels of nature, instinct, and fiṭrah (primordial nature) and also divides fiṭrah itself into two parts: “fiṭrah of knowledge” and “fiṭrah of interest”. Most of Muṭahharī’s innovative ideas, particularly when explaining some topics “such as God, eternity of the soul, and ethics, have been presented in his discussions related to fiṭrah of interest.” On the other hand, as a distinguished and influential philosopher, Kant has criticized metaphysical issues, particularly problems in connection to God, immortality of the soul, and freedom, and transferred them to the realm of “practical reason” from theoretical reason. Muṭahharī’s theory of fiṭrah and, particularly, the discussion of fiṭrī interests and the related issues, such as demonstration of God, immortality of the soul, and ethics, are completely comparable to Kant’s theory of practical reason, specifically the discussion of the essential principles of practical reason, including freedom, eternity of the soul, and God. The purpose of this study is to compare Muṭahharī’s theory of fiṭrah and Kant’s theory of practical reason and to explain their common features, that is, the similarity of infinite perfection with supreme good, the similarity of their methods of demonstrating the eternity and God, and the similarity of their views as to status of philosophy of ethics. The author has followed a descriptive-analytic and comparative approach in order to conduct this study based on the data collected from these two thinkers’ works. Manuscript profile

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